The April 2010 BP Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico

These two studies investigated the effects of the April 2010 BP Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, and the observable effects that it has had on coral reef and salt marsh ecosystems. The study conducted by White investigated nine coral communities six months after the spill using ROVs. In an area 11 km west of the spill site, the researchers studied scleractinian, gorgonian, antipatharian corals and found many that were covered with floc, a brown flocculent material, that is linked to coral tissue damage and mortality. The study conducted by Silliman et. al. investigated the oil spill impacts on the salt marshes lining the Louisiana coast. Silliman and his team identify oil spills as one of the most damaging forms of pollution due to their unpredictable nature and associated lack of readily available tools and resources that would be needed to restrict their impact on nearby ecosystems. The team studied salt marshes located in Barataria Bay, LA which was one the regions that ex perienced some of the most extensive oiling from the spill. The team investigated the current status and future impacts of the spill on the marshes. Past data revealed that negative impacts on marshes could be corrected with plant re-growth and oil degradation that naturally occurs with time, and at even faster rates in warmer climates, which provides a hopeful outlook for the LA region. In addition to the direct effects of oiling, the team also analyzed the geomorphic effects that may be aShow MoreRelatedBp Oil Explosion in the Gulf of Mexico1412 Words   |  6 PagesOn April 22 2010, the World faced one of its worst oil spill disasters in the history of marine petroleum exploration. A deadly oil well blowout at Macondo Prospect, about 41 miles off the southeast coast of Louisiana, spewed huge quantities of oil for 87 long days causing major environmental and economic troubles to the Gulf region (Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill). It started with a fire and explosion, killing 11 workers, and then unleashed a slow motion disaster that spread across the 600 mile gulfRead MoreEthical Dilemma with the Bp Oil Spill1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe BP oil spill, more famously referred to as the Deepwater Horizon Spill, occurred in 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico and flowed unmitigated for as long as 3 months. The BP oil spill has fared as the largest marine oil spill ever confronted in the history of the petroleum industry. The oil spill on the 20th of April 2010 was primarily the result of a gas release followed by an explosion in the Deepwater Horizon oil rig, in the Gulf of Mexico, established on the Mocando exploration well designed forRead MoreBritish Petroleum and Its Corporate Strategy1595 Words   |  7 Pagesthat British Petroleum (BP) adopts with specific focus on the Deep-water Horizon offshore oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in April 2010. BP will be assessing using varied strategic theories and strategic choices will be suggested. It is commissioned for Carl-Henric Svanberg, BP s chairman. Brief Company Profile BP is the third largest energy producers in the world. The business is integrated in finding, extracting and supplying oil, gas and petroleum. BP was privatised in 1980 sRead MoreBritish Petroleums Crisis Handling Practice1113 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION In 2010 British Petroleum’s Deepwater Horizon oilrig1 suffered a devastating explosion that resulted in the death of 11 workers and initiated the largest marine oil spill the world had or has ever seen (Pallardry). This spill also became the largest offshore environmental disaster in United States history (Elliot). Over 200 million gallons of crude oil were pumped into the Gulf of Mexico (Hoch), polluting over 16,000 coastal miles in the states of Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, MississippiRead MoreThe Legal Issues and Ethical Effects of the Deepwater Horizon Explosion and British Petroleum Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico 20101542 Words   |  7 PagesBP Gulf Oil Spill 1 Running Head: BP GULF OIL SPILL The Legal Issues and Ethical Effects of the Deepwater Horizon Explosion and British Petroleum Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico 2010 Terry D. 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Bp Oil Disaster – â€Å"Deepwater Horizon Oil1214 Words   |  5 PagesBusiness Ethics BP Oil Disaster – â€Å"Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill† Thelma P. Eldridge Business Law – BUS 2301.88 Spring 2017 April 25, 2017 In today’s business world, businesses are subject to the laws of the country in which their company was organized and operates. Business owners are to conduct themselves and their affairs ethically and owe some degree of social responsibility for their actions. Ethics, although not law, is a set of moral principles or values that govern the conductRead MoreBp : The Third Largest Energy Company Essay1547 Words   |  7 PagesBP, known as British Petroleum until it rebranded to Beyond Petroleum in 2000, is the third largest energy company in the world. BP has operations on six continents, located in over 80 countries, with its main headquarters located in London, UK. Its largest operating division is BP America, which is located in Houston, Texas. The Deepwater Horizon was a semi-submersible offshore drilling rig owned by Transocean. Built in 2001 in South Korea by Hyundai Heavy Industries the rig was leased to BP fromRead MoreThe Horizon Oil Rig Explosion1416 Words   |  6 Pages The 2010 Horizon Oil Rig Explosion On April 20th, 2010 an explosion occurred that would be considered one of the worst oil spills in U.S. history. The explosion was cause by a surge of natural gas that made it way to the Horizon rig’s platform that ignited. This caused the rig to capsize and sink, thus breaking risers that were being use to counter act the large amount of pressure from oil and natural gasses (Pallardy, 2015). The explosion killed 11 workers and injured 17 others. 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The Principles Of Nursing Practice - 2187 Words

This essay will discuss the Principles of Nursing Practice with particular reference to Principle D. The professional, legal and ethical frameworks that guide Principle D will also be considered. The essay will relate this content to what I have read and experienced in practice. Firstly, it will give an overview of the Principles of Nursing Practice with a definition of Principle D. The essay will then explain how I witnessed Principle D being achieved in my nursing practice focussing on two patients, Mrs Kay and Patrick. To make sure I did not breach the NMC’s Code of Conduct (2015), I have used pseudonyms instead of using patients’ real names. I also informed Mrs Kay of this assignment and obtained consent to use her example in my essay. The Principles of Nursing Practice were issued by the Royal College of Nursing (RCN) in 2010, eight months following the first Francis Inquiry into poor quality care in the Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust. The principles identify and characterise the essential nursing behaviour and competencies which make safe and effective nursing care achievable. Eight Principles are prioritised. The Principles serve not only as a model for nurses to abide by in their daily practice but as a Charter for patients, their families and carers to help them judge the standard of care received. Similarly, in March 2015, the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) published a Code (updated from 2008 version) on the Professional and Personal Standards whichShow MoreRelatedThe Principles Of Nursing Practice2428 Words   |  10 Pagesof the Principles of Nursing Practice and I will relate this to my practice experience. It will focus on Principle of Nursing Practice A: Dignity, humanity and equality and I will demonstrate knowledge of the Principle of Nursing Practice in my essay and investigate the professional, legal and ethical frameworks that guide nursing practice and discuss and link what I have experienced in practice to my chosen Principle. I have taken into account; The code of professional standards of practice and behaviourRead MoreEthical Principles Of Nursing Practice974 Words   |  4 PagesWhen ethics in nursing in respect to decision making is looked upon, various key areas are taken into consideration. These key areas include the nursing values, the standards, subject ethical principles and finally the fundamental beliefs in nursing. When a reflection is made on the on the key mentioned areas, it is presumed that each of them is mainly aimed at protecting human dignity and restoring respect to patients (Bush 2007). Ethical values in nursing When looking at nursing values in regardRead MoreCritically Reflect on the Principles Care , How It Impact on Professional Practice?, Relating to Nursing Pratice.2671 Words   |  11 Pagesthis essay, I will define some terms and critically review key elements, principles and Holistic approaches in Palliative care in the process relate them to my practice as a generalist nurse in a hospital setting, its impact on palliative care, and finally discuss on findings and recommendations to my practices. Palliative care is one of the most sensitive specialists in nursing today. Hence the guidance published in nursing times [2012]recommends that trusts draws up a plan to raise awareness ofRead MoreLeadership And Management Theories, Principles And Best Practice Concepts Benefit My Nursing Leadership Development2400 Words   |  10 Pagestheories, principles and best practice concepts benefit my nursing leadership development. 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At the same time, all my colleagues have confirmed that their nursing education is based on nursing theory. As a leader, I want nursing practice to be guided by nursing theories and the following examples below highlight some of the nursing theories that I will continue to support in my future nursing practice. I believeRead MoreRunning Head: Accessibility Of Healthcare For Undeserved1540 Words   |  7 Pagesracial acceptance, access to care, unequal social conditions, unequal health conditions, unequal geographic conditions (Smith Parker, 2015). This paper employs a range of nursing theories to develop a framework that unearths accessibility of healthcare services by the undeserved populations as primary to the obligations of the nursing and the entire health industry. Description of the Issue Geographic, social and economic segmentation may easily categorize people into different groups. 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Possessing outstanding philosophical forces allows one to be respectful, well rounded and possess good character. Some examples of ways one has been respectful towards another person’s beliefs are discussed in the next paragraph

Auditing and Professional Practice Australia

Question: The engagement partner has requested a meeting tomorrow to discuss audit plan for MTI She has requested several documents for that meeting. 1. A preliminary audit plan assessing internal control risk and providing preliminary judgment for detection risk. 2. A description of specific substantive procedures that could be conducted for the WIP inventory. You are required to justify the audit plan by referring to theoretical grounds learnt from this unit. Answer: Internal control is basically the processes well designed, implemented and maintained by those charged with governance, management and other personnel. The main objective of the internal control is provide reasonable assurance about the achievement of the entity objective with regard to reliability of financial reporting. It is the responsibility of the auditor to plan the audit of the financial audit. As per ASA 300 Planning an Audit of Financial report, the partner and other the team member of the engagement team shall be involved in planning the audit. (Board A. a., 2011) As per ASA 300, the auditor shall establish an overall audit strategy that set the timing, direction and scope of the audit and that guides the development of the audit plan. In the given case also Engagement partner of Dalen jay want to hold a meeting to discuss the audit plan of MTI. Before making any audit plan the Engagement partner must identify the characteristics and scope of their Engagement in the audit of the organization. As per ASA 315 (Board, 2013) Assessing and Identifying the risk of Material Misstatement through understanding the entity and its environment the auditor should identify the risk of material misstatement in the organization, whether due to fraud or error, at the financial statement and assertion levels. Thomas Smith also needs to understand the MTI and its environment including the internal control before starting any Audit plan. This will help Mr. Smith to reduce the risk of material misstatement at an acceptable low level. Business Risk is a risk which is resulting from significant event, condition, action, circumstances or inaction that could adversely affect an entity ability to achieve the objective of the entity. MTI is basically engaged in production of environmental friendly product such as recycle containers. However, the company also deals with variety of metal as well as plastics. Audit Plan Assessing risk and Judgment in detection risk for different department of MTI is as follows: Control regarding availing service of another organization: As per Guidance Statement GS 007 Audit Implication of use of Service Organization (Board A. a., Guidance Statement 007, 2011) it is duty of the auditor to obtain understanding of the nature and significance of service provided by the service organization and their effect on the users entity control. In the given case MTI is using the service of Machining and turning center suppliers which helps MTI to develop efficient operation by furnishing sample numerical control program for standard machine operation and by providing training to employee of the employees. In regard to the Service provided by the said organization Mr. Thomas need to identify the risk and internal control of MTI to deal with such risk. It has also been observed from the past working paper that due to lack of control one of the suppliers unfortunately sent the program which was infected with virus as a result of which entire system need to be clean by Tiffany with the antivirus. To avoid this time of situation Mr. Thomas smith would ask the management to prepare a report regarding service organization system, control objective, related control which has been designed and implemented during the period. Mr. Thomas Smith can also asked for the report of the service auditor with the objective of conveying reasonable assurance that include the service auditor opinion on the description of the service organization system and control objective. Further, MTI should first install all the Software purchase from the vendor in one standalone computer and after its successful installation it has been installed to another computer to reduce the risk of virus spreading in the entire network. Further, MTI must make an agreement with the supplier in case of any infected software supplied by them, they make to make good the amount of loss caused to the company due to installation of the infected software in the system. Control regarding Equipment maintenance: As per the previous working paper it has come to notice of Mr. Thomas Smith that the company used to purchase all the equipment from Tony Lee, the owner of the computer shop conventionally located three blocks away. In this regard Mr. Thomas must ask the company to get the quotation from at least three suppliers to compare the rate of the machinery which has been supplied by Tony Lee. Further, Mr. Thomas should also ascertain that what is the company procedure to ensure that proper maintaining and upgrading of the software has been done by the Tony Lee. Further, Mr. Thomas should also ask the company regarding the frequency of the updation and should check record that whether proper up gradation at regular interval has been done or not. Control regarding accounting software password: Mr. Thomas should also ensure that every person have different password. Further a log book in the system is maintained in which the details of the person using the system and making change should be recorded in order to prevent loss of data. However, in case of any undesired situation proper record should be there so that the person can be held for such undesired situation. Backup of data: Data Backup is one of the most important task of the organization. Mr. Thomas should check the company procedure for back up of data, person who are reasonable for back up of data, time interval between two back up and what document is maintained for backup. Further, since as per the company experience of lost of back up of data Mr. Thomas should ensure that the company back up is now store at a safe place. Control regarding the company data: Mr. Thomas should check what control has been adopted by MTI regarding the employee copying the Image and take it to their home. As there might be changes of theft in which the copied image can also be given to the competitor who might misuse the image of the company. Control regarding generation of reports: Mr. Thomas should have to understand how payroll is generated. How the working hours of the employee have been recorded and who authorize the working hours. Further, Mr. Thomas should also ascertain what control has been implemented in entering the input resource in the payroll system. Whether any system of cross checking is possible or not. If the cross checking is possible, then Mr. Thomas must cross check the payroll generated with the source document for some of the weeks and give their suggestion or view on the same. After generation of pay book and during payment of money to the worker the company must take signature of the worker in the pay book in order to avoid any future litigation. Control regarding Approval and updation of Quotation in the System: Mr. Thomas must check who is authorized to approve the quotation which has been entered in the stand alone electronic data interchange system. Further, Mr. Thomas will also check how frequently the quotation is updated in the system. Further, he should also check once the quotation has been approved by the customer how payment has been received by the company and its payment term. Mr. Thomas will also made sure that proper documentation has been maintained by the company for each and individual case. Control regarding monitoring staff hours: Mr. Thomas should check what procedure has been adopted by the company to monitor the total hours worked by the staff in an organization. Further, he should also check what type of report has been generated in the organization and what procedure has been adopted to rely on such report. Thomas should must cross check the report with the device which record the sign in and sign out time of the employee in order to cross check correct pay register has been generated. Beside this he should also check that labour hour rate provided by calculation is also correct. Control regarding Accounting Entry: Mr. Thomas should check the company internal control regarding Accounting Entry such as who authorizes the voucher, when entry has been done in the system, who is responsible for Entry e.t.c. After entraining the vouchers in the system what procedure is being adopted to ensure that the entry is correct. Control regarding Check issue: No one will be issued until and unless there balance is known. Further as and when an entry has been done in the system and it has been confirmed that the balance is being due to the suppliers then only payment should b ad to the suppliers. Control regarding backup of Accounting software: Once the Entry has been completed daily backup of the Accounting Software must be taken in order to avoid any unwanted circumstances of loss of data. Mr. Thomas should check the company policy of back up of data i.e. the person responsible for data back up, type of back up and the frequency of back up taken by the representative. Answer to Question No :2 Substantive test of procedure or transaction helps to reduce the level of detection risk so that the audit objective can be fulfilled. (James, 2011) . This test helps the auditor to detect the material misstatement in the financial statement. Substantive procedure include test of details of transaction details and analytical procedure of disclosures and account balance. (Not for Profit Orgnisation, 2009). As per ASA 501 on Existence and valuation of Inventory the auditor shall obtain appropriate audit evidence regarding the existence and valuation of inventory material in the financial statement. (Board A. a., April 2006). The auditor should must use the following assertion: Presentation and disclosures Records completeness, accuracy, cut-off Obligation Valuation and allocation Existence The following Steps to be followed by Mr. Thomas for conducting WIP Audit First of all Mr. Thomas needs to check the opening balance of the WIP as recorded and reconcile/ cross check the same with the closing of financial statement of the last year. Then Mr. Thomas will check the Cost sheet statement as prepared by the clerk and cross check each and every figure of the spread sheet as provided by the accounts clerk with the data available in the accounts. Before Finalizing the value Mr. Thomas must agree with the accounting records of the MTI to ensure the completeness / correctness of the data. Thomas then checks that proper Job no. has been allocated to each jobs by reviewing the working paper and other document maintained by the client. Thomas will also ensure that the quantity entered must tally with the customer order for each job other and should review each and every job card. All the raw material and quantity used in the completion of the jobs has been properly recorded and if any quantity has been cut from the normal practice of the production procedure, then the same must be noted and authorized. Further, Thomas. Should also check what procedure is following by the company to record such situation and how quality assurance team should be aware of such practice. Thomas should then check the company procedure for valuation of the WIP, that is to say which method is followed by the company to value the company WIP and the method adopted should not differ from its accounting policy. Thomas while valuing the work in Progress MTI has taken correct rate for its material and labour. Mr. Thomas should ensure that the valuation is done as per the company changed costing and allocation method of absorption costing. Mr. Thomas should ensure that all the overhead cost has been absorbed by using absorbtion costing method rather than any other method. Thomas should understand the company procedure to record the actual hours worked by the workers on particular jobs and how these hours are being recorded and who authorize the total hours worked by the worker in particular jobs. Then the hours worked by the worker need to cross tallied from the cost sheet and the pay register along with the rate of payment. Further Mr. Thomas should also ensure that proper accounting entry has been done in the accounts department regarding booking of the wages expenses. Thomas Should ensure that each job order should sale at a price which ahs been approved as per the quotation. Further, Mr. Thomas should also ensure that the payment from the buyer has also been received as per the agreed time limit without any delay. And in case of any major delay penal interest will be charged by the company as per the company policy. Currently MTI has the policy not to take advance from the customer. However, if the customer is new and the jobs require substantive material to be purchased, then advance may be taken from the customer and the company used to make progress billing, This progress billing is then deducted from the closing WIP. Mr. Thomas should check that in case of progress billing the amount has been actually received and the same should be shown as advance in the accounts department. Thomas should also check the company policy regarding how the completion of the work has been decided and who decided the percentage of the work completion. Further, Mr. Thomas should also check the calculation done by Isabella as per the given formula to ensure that the correct calculation has been done and the closing figure of work in progress inventory has been arrived correctly. Bibliography: Board, A. a. (2011). Auditing Standard ASA 300. Planning an Audit of Financial Statement , 35. Board, A. a. (2013). Auditing Standard ASA 315. Idntifying and Assessing the risk of Material Misstatement , 48. Board, A. a. (April 2006). Auditing Standard ASA 501. Existenance and valuation of Invntory , 13. Board, A. a. (2011). Guidance Statement 007. Audit Implication of the use of Service organoztion , 45. James. (2011). Test of Control and Test of Details. 12. Not for Profit Orgnisation. (2009). SA , 10.

Jane Is Twelve Years Old, And She Has A Younger Sister. She Is Your Av

Jane is twelve years old, and she has a younger sister. She is your average student from what seems to be your average family. Last night, she held her little sister back as they watched their mother being beaten black and blue because their father had had a hard day at work. Jane has seen this before, but this time her mother does not make it out of the fight. Jane and her little sister are sent to live with a relative, while their father goes to jail. Jane vows that the situation that killed her mother will never happen to her. Do you know Jane? Have you seen her smile? Do you know that her teachers say she has potential? Or are you familiar with the terror she faces everyday reliving the night when her Dad, who had promised the week before that the violence was over, put an end to her mother's life? It started with verbal abuse, then it progressed with pushing, next the kicking began, and we now know how it ended. Those are the steps in the progression of domestic violence. In the beginning stages of domestic violence it is verbal abuse. Simple seeming name calling and joking that severely lowers the victims self - esteem. At the moderate level begins the physical abuse, kicking, hitting, pushing, usually only with hands or feet. When the ravager reaches the severe level weapons come into the picture: belts, guns, sticks, even hot pots off the stove. In this stage there is choking and rape. Jane's mother had plenty of chances to escape, but why didn't she leave? First, she was embarrassed. Her husband was a pretty ?good? guy to the community, and even though it seemed petty, really, what would her friends say if she told them? It is important to remember if someone comes to you with a problem like this, the didn't do anything to deserve it. She, also, knew that 3/4 of domestic assaults reported were inflicted after separation. She was afraid to stay and afraid to leave. After all, women are most likely to be murdered when attempting to report the violence or while they are trying to leave the environment where the abuser is. So, you ask, why leave if he's probably going to get me anyway? My answer is simple, for the children. One third of the children who witness the battering of their mothers demonstrate significant behavioral and emotional problems. These include stuttering, anxiety and fears, sleep disruption, excessive crying and school problems. Do not let the violence continue by showing young girls that when he needs a punching bag to let out his anger, she should be the one. Because no young man has the right to hit his girlfriend for any reason. Because the only way to teach that hitting is wrong is by example, by leaving. By showing the person who thinks they are in control with fists, that really they are only cowards. The negative effects can be diminished if the child benefits from intervention by the law and domestic violence programs, most times children enrolled in such programs remain anonymous. Jane has two wonderful children, a beautiful home, and a successful career at a job she loves. Jane has warm blue tears falling from a cold, aching black eye. Jane's husband has a great career to, except his is a lot more stressful, and that is what he told her last night when he shoved his fists full of rage into her delicate body. Once again, it won't happen anymore. He promised, but he's promised before. This time Jane's leaving. She takes her two beautiful children and she puts them in the car. She doesn't say good - bye, she just leaves a note that reads ?I'd rather die standing than live on my knees.?

Negligent Tort Concept

Questing Asians ambiguities essays

Questing Asians ambiguities essays Ever since Asian Americans had arrived in the United States, they had also been conceptually misrepresented and interpretive. The general misconception and way of thinking is often that all Asians look the same. Yet when distinctions are made between the ethnic groups, they are usually indistinguishable generalizations or ruthless definitions. When Americans usually see a human being with slanted eyes, they automatically assume that person is Chinese. If not Chinese, they would call them by their stereotypical names such as flips, gooks, chinks, etc. They may not know it but these miscontraceptions hurt Asian Americans. More recently, Abercrombie and Fitch, a popular department store has taunted the image of Asians by saying that all Asians own laundry stores. In their quest to change and ultimately eliminate these misconceptions, Asian American writers, actors, athletes, and artists have worked their way into the mainstream media of the United States to portray positive and accurate images of Asian Americans and finding their own ways to express how they feel about being Asian American. Coincidentally, the past decade has emerged into a full-blown Asian epidemic in America due to the growing popularity of famous and rising Asian American entertainers. For example, actors and actresses such as Rick Yune, Nicole Bilderback, Kelly Hu, and Lucy Liu are in high demand right now. In Portraits of Asian-Pacific Americans by Kim Sakamoto Steidl stated, the entertainment industry has become more sensitive to these ethnic stereotypes. One purpose of having racially diverse actors is to educate people about the negative effects of these stereotypes and to insure that Asian Americans have access to a range of acting roles(p63). Mako, a 30-year-old veteran of stage, film and television was nominated for an Oscar as best supporting actor. His performance in the film The Wash was a strong and realistic portray...

What is on the Internet Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What is on the Internet - Assignment Example Its questions are open ended, allowing respondents the freedom of choice and expression (Storm Front, 2010). A survey by Quibblo is another example on pop culture and it focuses on possible association between the culture and self-image. Its questions cover significance of the culture among teenagers, possible effects of the on teenagers’ self-image and participants’ perception of pop culture (Quibblo, n.d.). The ‘pop culture’ survey’s design is characterized by closed questions, whose choices stimulate response. It also has few questions, presented in a single page, a property that helps to stimulate response rate because of time convenience. Another design factor in the questionnaire is use of bold for questions and normal print for choices and this makes the questions conspicuous (Pop culture, n.d.). The ‘pop culture’ survey identifies similarities with the SERVQUAL that is a tool for collecting qualitative data. SERVQUAL is based on attitude and expectation, which are the bases of responses to questions in the ‘pop culture’ survey. Like the SERVQUAL, the ‘pop culture’ questionnaire aims at collecting qualitative data such as attitude towards types of music and expected utility from different forms of entertainment (Parasuraman, Zeithaml, & Berry,

The Nature and Effect of Superbug H1N1 Coursework

The Nature and Effect of Superbug H1N1 - Coursework Example HA molecules are particularly important in the development of the disease as they cause the preferential attachment to lung epithelial cells and the insertion of the virus contents into the host cell. Each protein in the virus has multiple subtypes. In human-infecting Influenza virus strains, there are three HA subtypes, H1, H2 and H3, while NA has two, N1 and N2. The different combinations of HA and NA make possible the multiple subtypes of Influenza viruses (Kimball, 2009). With the elucidation of the viral structure, it has since been discovered that there are multiple strains of the virus, and that they continually mutate and cross-infect swine, birds and humans. As commonly seen among viruses, HA, together with NA, genes mutate at a high rate, causing new strains to be seen infecting humans almost yearly. This phenomenon is referred to as the antigenic shift. In addition, Influenza virus strains undergo gene reassortment, in which two strains infecting the same bird or swine exc hange RNA strands to develop a new virus subtype that the human population has not been exposed before. Thus, this antigenic shift usually causes severe pandemics. For example, the 1957 H2N2 Asian flu pandemic after the 1918 H1N1 Spanish flu pandemic is believed to be caused by the simultaneous infection of a human-infecting subtype and a bird-specific H2N_ resulting to the reassortment of their genes that produced a new bird-specific subtype that can infect humans. In effect, this new H2N2 subtype is something the human population at that time has not been exposed before, causing many to have no immunity against the virus and to be susceptible to infection (Kimball, 2009). Because of the unique features of Influenza virus, current prophylaxis still involves multiple vaccinations, with the composition of multivalent shots varied annually to confer protection against strains guessed to be most infective during the coming season. Thus, prolonging and ensuring the effectiveness has bee n the focal point of many researches. A promising approach is the development of vaccines that can induce the production of antibodies that are specific against multiple HA subtypes. Throsby and his colleagues (2008) paved the way for such approach when they identified human antibodies that can bind to H1, H2, H5, H6, H8, and H9. They referred to this antibody as CR6261 (Eckiert et al., 2009). CR6261 AGAINST H1N1 AND OTHER SUBTYPES What makes CR6261 different from other antibodies that confer resistance to only one subtype of Influenza? Eckiert et al. (2009) tried to elucidate the 2.2 and 2.6A crystal structure of the antigen-binding portion (Fab) of CR6261, as well as the CR6261 Fab complexed with heterotypic HAs from human 1918 H1N1 pandemic virus and avian H5N1 virus. Although it was not mentioned in the study if there is any purpose in choosing H1 and H5 instead of the other subtypes, the choices probably served the most purpose because H1 has a history in causing a pandemic (19 18 H1N1 Spanish flu), and H5 has a likelihood to infect and cause death among humans, who are mostly unexposed to such type of Influenza (Kimball, 2009). However, it is most ideal if the study

Cheating and plagiarism for my religion class Essay Example for Free

Cheating and plagiarism for my religion class Essay The movie we watched was very interesting. I felt like I could definitely relate to most of the situations they brought up. In particular, the point about how you felt the need to cheat nowadays to keep up with the cheaters. Their information was very accurate and it really gives you a look into what life is like as a student. When watching it I really felt like what they were saying was pro-cheater. The only problem with the movie was the give a lot of great reasons why there is such a high percentage of cheaters out there, but the never offered any ways to fix the problem. Then the movie switched to the problem of plagiarism. They addressed the issue and showed some of the difficulties of trying to detect it. They then went into the only way of detecting it and how to avoid detection. Afterward they showed an example of a class and how bad plagiarism has gotten. Still they never offered any way to solve the problem. I really enjoyed the movie we watched in class it was very interesting. Through out the movie I felt could relate to the students telling their experiences. For example, one girl talked about how she feels the need to cheat to keep up with all the other cheaters out there. From my experience, I have tried studying long hours for tests and then going in the next day, taking the test and then having the person next to me cheat and get a higher grade. I myself cheat because nowadays it is all about grades and getting into the best colleges and getting the highest grade point average (g.p.a.), and with out a good g.p.a., you cannot get into a good college. So to get into a good college and get a good paying job some people are willing to do what ever it takes and to keep up with them we have to do the same things. Through out the movie I got the sense that they were taking a pro-cheater standpoint. I noticed that they really didnt show you anyone who got anywhere in life by not cheating and so I got the feeling that they wanted us to walk away with better knowledge and methodologies on how to cheat. By the end of the movie, I really felt like cheating was no longer a bad thing and in fact it had actually become almost necessary to succeed in life and everyone is doing it. They also gave only examples of people who cheat all the time and easily get away with it. Once again, they never offered any solution to the problem. Next, they talked about plagiarism. They did an experiment with a World History class and had the kids write a paper on their favorite explorer. Then the teacher took all the papers and used the one tool out there that can check for plagiarism, turnitin.com. She submitted all the papers to this website and got them back with all the plagiarized portion of each students paper underlined. When she got the papers back, more than half the papers were plagiarized and some only had a few original sentences. It just goes to show how big of a problem plagiarism is these days. Then they said that the website only detects plagiarism if eight of the words are an exact match so to avoid detection all you have to do is change every eighth word and to be on the safe side you could play around with that number. Even though the movie never offered any way of solving either problem, they still informed you of the problem. I really enjoyed the movie. I left wanting to cheat and plagiarize. In the movie, they talked about a person who would write papers for you for $25 a page. Though I dont know anyone that would do that for me, if I did, after watching the movie, I probably would have enlisted for his help. However, I dont know anyone who would so I guarantee that this paper is completely original.

We see and understand things not as they are but as we are.

We see and understand things not as they are but as we are. Malav Manek XII-C Topic: We see and understand things not as they are but as we are. Discuss this claim in relation to at least two ways of knowing. Why do different people see the same things differently? The answer to this question could be the claim mentioned above. Knowledge is an extensive concept which has no precise definition since it has no end or limit. In TOK context, the acquisition and understanding of knowledge varies from person to person depending on how one has been brought up, his/her lifestyle and experiences and how widely he/she has been exposed to the great world. In other words, if you look at the above topic, what I would comprehend would be different from what anyone else would. In my view, not only is this claim applicable to the audience as a whole but also my mind and my upbringing agree with it; hence this statement can be assessed from a variety of perspective or to be precise, point of view. Several personal and universal examples can be used to verify or disprove this claim and the justifications may also depend on how knowledge is acquired: the ways of knowing. In view of the fact that knowledge is around us, there are several ways of acquiring it for the best of our intellect. Perception as one of the ways of knowing is simply the grasping of things and information through our five senses i.e. sight, taste, touch, smell and sound. Perception is an essential way in almost all areas of knowledge and many people including me depend on this source of knowledge. There are several components that affect a persons way of perceiving certain information. Sometimes, a person is likely to understand only what he expects or want to see or hear and neglects any other details that are not thought to be present. In my opinion, a mans amount of interest on a particular topic may also influence the way he would perceive it. At times, we tend to forget what we had fully seen or understood and hence I think this way of knowing is not completely reliable for all situations; though we can always confirm about something if more than one of our senses or any ot her sources support or confirm it. Every man is exposed to some form of literature in his life. This could either be in terms of childhood folktales or in poems studied at high school. Taking my own example, I used to be narrated several short stories just like any other kindergarten kid. These stories that had animals as the characters were meant to amuse all the children. On the other hand, these fables had a moral that taught a lesson about everyday life. As a child, I did not realize the importance of these morals but I was rather keen on the comic elements of the characters and the animated images. This was because I used to see things as I was and not as they were. As time passed, I got exposed to several principles of life and my knowledge got expanded. After a couple of years, my perception about the stories changed and I then understood from The Tortoise and the Hare, that the slow and steady always wins the race rather than just knowing that the slow tortoise won the race. As time passed by, even though the tale (thing) is as it was, my perception and understanding about it has completely changed since how I see and understand things now is entirely different from how I used to see and understand things earlier in my life. Emotions, on the other hand, include the sentiments, mood or passion either within us or outside us. Emotions differ in everyone at all times depending on the present circumstances a person encounters. This method of knowing usually gives rise to physical signs on a being other than the cerebral facet. Furthermore, emotions can also be altered by religious and ethical beliefs. A disciple of a certain religion would be disturbed and would not accept any claims against his practice especially if he intensely believed in it. Emotions are effective techniques of knowing since they help us in reducing down our choices in life. It is always easier to choose from a restricted short list rather than a collection of free options. Powerful emotions could either be a hurdle in acquiring knowledge or it could have a positive influence on our perception. Music is everywhere around us. This form of art is absolutely related to emotions since peoples moods get affected by perceiving, composing or playing it. Different types of music are categorized to represent various forms of emotions. The linking of music to a particular emotion differs from person to person. In a real life situation, one would use music to thrill, entertain, or relax oneself; everyone uses different types of music to deal with a particular state of mind. Regardless of the language portrayed by a particular song, preference for a type of music is the only reason to why anyones emotions would change to be upbeat from anxiety or sorrow; this concept is known as biased perception. Consequently, one would try to construct and describe fallacious reasons in order to support his choice and hence result into the powerful and changed emotions. When applying music in the medical field, doctors believe that it makes a patient feel better and fastens up the healing process. According to Dr. Michael DeBakey, In medicine, increasing published reports demonstrate that music has a healing effect on patients. [1] In my opinion, music tends to liven up the environment of the hospital which is usually very quiet and sorrowful. In a hospital, the atmosphere is normally such that the patient would always consider himself to be sick since his mind knows why he would have been admitted there. Use of music as a medium of entertainment would change the patients perception about the hospitals ambiance and hence his emotions would be modified accordingly. In this way, the person would overcome his psychological feeling of sickness and consider himself to be in a standard environment with no trouble. On the whole, music regulates our emotions which thus amend our perception about a specific thing; this allows us to see and understand things not as they are but as we are. Furthermore, one of the famous theories, Newtons second law of motion said that force was equal to mass times acceleration for all moving bodies. Isaac Newton constructed this theory on the basis of moving objects experienced by him and used by him in his daily life. It was his beliefs and expectations that affected the way he saw things. Accordingly, he concluded this generalized law which was believed by the world since everyone thought the way Newton did. This was, however, challenged by Albert Einstein who argued against the theory saying that it could not be applied to fast moving objects for example Light which is the fastest moving object on earth. He rectified the theory by introducing the relativity theory that was more accurate and suitable to calculate the force of any moving object at any speed. Einsteins thoughts and beliefs regarding this theory were different since he viewed the earth from a different perception when compared to those of Newton even though both were gr eat scientists. It can

Voting Research Paper

Voting is privilege given to Americans. Many people don’t know how lucky they are to have the privilege to give their opinion on who leads our country. It took many years for the U. S to get voting rights equalized for all citizens; so everyone should take advantage of this. Participating in voting should be happening by every eligible person in the U. S. A person’s characteristics will effect whether or not they are going to participate in voting. It can either positively affect the person or negatively. Also registering and knowing where and how to register and where too actually vote can effect whether or not a person will participate in voting. A major aspect effecting voting is a person’s family history; if growing up in a family where your family isn’t participating in voting than most likely that young person will not feel the need/responsibility to vote when eligible. A person age can effect whether people will vote or not, usually the younger generation does not participate in voting. Also if people aren’t educated on how to register or even on what they’re voting on – tend not o bother on figuring out how too. The importance of voting is of interest to me because it directly affects me. Voting affects everyone and knowing how we got to where we are in regards to voting is interesting. Voting is so important for many reasons and I think it will be interesting to also find out by surveying young people how many of them actually vote and why or why they don’t participate in voting. The history of voting in the United States goes back to the colonial times. In colonial times the right to vote was limited to only adult white males who owned property. Majority of women were banned from voting with exceptions of widows who owned property during this time. By 1830, the property requirements were abolished and then all white male adults could vote. (History of Voting Rights 1). Throughout history voting laws expanded to eventually giving the right to vote to majority of U. S citizens. In 1870, the fifteenth amendment was established stating that the right to vote cannot be denied due to race. This was five years after the civil war was fought, finally giving African Americans and any other race the chance to participate in voting. Even though all races were allowed to vote, women did not fully gain that privilege until the nineteenth amendment was established in 1920. The nineteenth amendment states that â€Å"The rights of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any States on account of sex. † This was a huge accomplishment for women throughout the country. In 1971 the twenty-sixth amendment lowered the voting age to eighteen for all states, before this was established only ten sates allowed citizens under the age of twenty-one to participate in voting. (Mount 1). Having voting offered to American citizens eliminates discrimination of voting because everyone has a chance to voice their opinion. We have voting rights in the United States because the United States is about choices. Many countries do not get to voice their opinion as openly as we are in the United States. Voting is a very important part of our history; everyone should respect the struggles our country faced in order to give the people of the United States all the right to vote by voting. The rules of voting have changed many times throughout the years. As of now you must be eighteen years old, and you must be currently a U. S citizen. There is a lot of controversy on weather convicted felons should or should not be allowed to vote. The answer to that depends on where you live, seven states still have strict restrictions on letting felons vote. In order to vote you must be registered. You can register in different ways. One way is call a 800 number and get a registration form sent to your house fill it out and mail it back in to your local city or town hall. You must receive your confirmation to know you are definitely registered. Another way to register is to register in person at any registration location where you must complete a series of questions to qualify you to be allowed to vote. Some high schools automatically register you when they know you are turning eighteen they will send in the form for you. You can also register at motor vehicles by filling out a form. Galvin 1) When voting you must bring a form of identification. Acceptable identification can be; your voter’s registration certificate along with a drivers license and or a photo I. D that you can get from motor vehicles. In order to be able to vote you must be registered twenty days prior to Election Day. (Galvin 1) Registering to vote is very simple, does not take up time and is worth it. In order to find out first hand if young people are participating in voting or not and if certain characteristics truly do effect this I conducted a 100 person survey. Surveying people is the best method to find out about voting their take on voting because it’s a non judgmental way to hopefully get the truth. Also I got to pick mainly who I wanted to get surveyed; for this study I only surveyed people under the age of 30 because I was more interested on how younger people are or aren’t participating in voting. This was an easy task because my first thirty surveys got handed out throughout class, than the other seventy I distributed out at work where I in counter young people all throughout the day so it was still a random survey. In my survey I asked the person’s gender and age, whether they were registered to vote or not and how they got registered; if they participate in voting if so what they vote on; whether voting is important to them and their families; if their parents participate in voting; if they understand how our voting system works and where they found out how to vote; if they agree on how our voting system works why or why not and if they feel voting is an important part in our country. These were all questions to find out basics about young voters and young non-voters as to why or why they don’t vote, and also certain characteristics such as their ages and gender and family history and how that might affect the person. Before conducting this survey I wasn’t expecting to find many young people to take an interest on the topic of voting. I also believed most young people who say they are registered to vote and do participate actively in voting that their families also participate in voting. I expected to find more young women to participate in voting rather than young men. After finishing my survey and collecting the results I found out when comparing females to males that majority of females that are registered do participate voting, rather than the majority of males that are registered less do actually participate in voting. Also as a whole I found out that when asking the people who do vote whether their families do vote majority of them claimed that their families do vote, and when asking people who are registered but do not participate in voting that majority of their families do not participate in voting. When going through my results looking at most people who are registered to vote but still didn’t participate in voting they did not register themselves, majority of them checked the spot saying that their high school automatically registered them. Surprisingly I found a lot of people do believe voting is an important part of our country but that they do not believe they way our system works is fairly, a lot of answers claim that they believe their vote doesn’t count and that is why they don’t bother participating in voting. It’s refreshing to see that many young people do believe in voting and even better seeing how many do actually participate. The results and my anticipation matched up to a point. More women than men do participate in voting from my calculations, but I didn’t expect to even find as many people interested in voting as I did. I believed more women take a part in voting and I found that is true because women didn’t always have the right to vote so now that we do and learning about the struggles it took to get women to vote may be why more women do participate in voting rather than most men who were almost always offered the right to vote. I learned that many people do not even know how our voting system works or where to register. Registering is so easy to do, I think the best way to register is to offer it in high-schools, not something that’s done automatically because than people aren’t really interested they are just registered but having it offered makes it an easy way for people right as they become eligible and also can teach them how and where they can participate in voting. Looking at voting from a functional analysis point of view would be pro-voting. The people who do believe voting is important and that their opinion does matter and does contribute to the outcome of what they’re voting on is the same as looking at society as a whole but knowing that each different part of society makes up a different part and has its own function. Society’s function is to vote on its leaders, the leaders function is to run and try to their best ability to satisfy the needs of its society. In one survey when answering if they find voting to be important in our country; do you think it makes a difference why or why not a person answered â€Å"Yes, every voice counts and can cause change. This is showing that some people do function and do their part in society. This is a macro way of looking at things; functional people gather data on the people they might be voting on and decide who will make a change to better their society and that’s who they chose to vote for. Looking at the topic of voting from a conflict theorist point of view you can split up society by many different groups for example democrats and republicans and how everyone who participates in voting votes one or the other do try and get their party into authority. This sort of conflict can cause a positive change if who eventually gets chosen makes a positive change in society. Again this is a macro way of looking at voting because people are researching on who’s running who’s part of which party and what that person represents and then they cast their vote hoping for the best outcome possible. I was pleased with my results because although not everyone participates in voting more young people than I expected are actually registered and do participate in voting which is a positive sign. I believe my survey could have been more conclusive if I surveyed a larger amount of people, 100 young people I thought would be more than enough but it really doesn’t give a big picture on the topic. Also if I could re-do this survey I would try to do an even amount of males surveyed as females surveyed just to keep that aspect of the survey equal. There are so many important reasons to participate in voting. The outcome of elections will have an impact on everyone in the United States lives. If you are unhappy with how our country is being run, or unhappy about a certain situation voting can help make a change for you. Many believe that there vote does not really count so they do not bother to even vote. They figure there are millions of other people voting so why should they even try; the fact of the matter is that everyone’s vote does count and every time you vote it does make a difference. A lot of people believe the government and the people in charge do not have an effect on them. Elected officials make many decisions that affect everyone. The president has the power to either raise or lower taxes for all Americans so how does that decision not affect everyone. (Importance of Voting 1). The more young people participate in voting the more it shows that there interested which will result in the government being interested in younger people’s problems and helping in making a change. You see and hear about so many complaints regarding our government and the problems they cause or the problems they aren’t helping, if you don’t vote how do you expect this to change. The United States is lucky that the citizens are allowed to participate in picking the country’s leaders, if they don’t participate though the democracy will not run properly or fairly. Voting is the fairest way for a leader to be chosen. It’s not racist, sexist or biased everyone get there voice to be heard by voting. Some believe voting should be considered mandatory. It’s a proven fact that enforcing mandatory voting that there will definitely be an increase in the amount of voters. In some cases there was a 94. 6 percent increase. (Lansford, 55). â€Å"We live in a country where no matter what you believe, no matter what your race, sex or religion you are allowed to voice it, so take advantage of it and vote. † (Stimpson 1). So many different characteristics play a part on voting including a person’s gender age and their family’s history and take on voting. Learning how and where to register to vote is also an important part of voting, I found out that a lot of people don’t understand how registering and voting in our country is done, this also reflects on a young person’s family and how they participate in voting – or how they don’t and that’s why young people aren’t interested in the topic. There’s many changes that can be done to help bring up the average of young people voting – and any person voting.

Reasons for Returning to School

Reasons for Returning to School Dolores Hutt ENG 121 Instructor Vanessa Martin January 15, 2012 Reasons for Returning to School After careful thought and consideration, I made the desire to return to school into a realistic goal. I had finally come to the conclusion, that it was time to take control of my circumstances, rather than continue to let my circumstances control me. For the first time in twenty years, I have a window of opportunity to fit a degree program into my daily schedule. Returning to school had always been a desire of mine, but in the past, I did not think I had the time or the money to pursue a degree. I was a single mother, I was working all of the time, my children were very young, and half of my wages went to daycare expenses. Seven years ago I made a decision to pursue a career in Massage Therapy. When the opportunity presented itself to enroll in an accelerated Diploma and State licensing program for Massage Therapy, that was only going to take one year, I jumped on it. Looking back, I realized how fast a year can go by and how easy it was for me to turn a desire into a concrete accomplishment. Having a career in Massage Therapy for the past six years has been a rewarding experience; it has given me that sense of contribution to society and to my community. I have taken much pride in accomplishing my career goals so far, however, through my experiences with working for corporations, businesses, and having my own business, I realize that I am still missing that important element: a business degree. Having gone through that year in school to get my career going, the experience gave me the confidence to overcome the thinking, that I did not have the time or money to pursue a degree, I now believe that the benefits of a degree will far outweigh any outcome of not having it. The benefits of having a business degree to enhance my career are; that a degree will add credibility to my desire to take my career to the next level, and it will open more doors and options concerning high level job positions. I can talk about experience all I want, but at the end of the day, when it comes to running a business, or getting an executive to listen o my ideas, that will help the industry flow more efficiently, I believe that having a degree will help me to be taken more serious. It will also help me take a break from the labor to pursue the creative and business end of things. I am hoping that this degree program will help me to develop the skills I need to keep a successful business running, an d give me the credibility I seek. My first step after obtaining my business degree will be to get a management position in a corporate setting, so I can get the experience I need to have my own company and employees. I believe that a Degree in Organizational Management will help me to accomplish that goal. Experience, though valuable and relevant, is no substitute for a short cut. I have realized that regardless of experience, if I want to be taken serious, having a degree will open doors and add more opportunity and credibility to any experience. So pursuing a degree at this point in my life has become a priority. Returning to school had always been a desire of mine, but in the past, I did not think I had the time or the money to pursue a degree. Any obstacles I had in the past are no longer there. I have an excellent support system at home, a loving and supportive fiancee of six years, a two income household, my career allows me to work part time and make the same amount of money as I did working full time in the past, so I get to spend more time at home, and my children are much older now so daycare expenses are a thing of the past. This online university program offers so much flexibility and affordability, that I really have no excuse to not execute this with full force. For me, the timing is perfect; the time it will take to complete this degree program is short when I compare it to time wasted by not having a degree. I have done this before and I know I can do it again. I keep my goals and plans right in front of me. I know that with perseverance, planning ahead, and just staying positive, that pursuing my degree will be another accomplishment that I can be proud of, and then I can keep moving forward in my life with confidence and ease. I am no longer at the mercy of my circumstances, I have taken control back, and returning to school is exactly where I need to be right now.

Video games and Dvds essays

Video games and Dvds essays As we move further and further into the future, digital technology becomes more apparent and sophisticated. New media forms are being developed as we speak. My essay will be dedicated to two forms of new media: video/computer games, and interactive DVDs. I will analyse aspects of both, and discuss what makes them new media. My next paragraph will be dedicated to the interactive DVD, followed by video/computer games. After I have discussed the two media forms in detail, I will have a few paragraphs comparing them by discussing similarities and differences. The interactivity of the DVD is noticeable as soon as the DVD disc is loaded. Unlike video cassettes we are not presented with several movie trailers and the opening credits. What DVD displays, is an interactive menu. A menu that prompts the user to perform and command. These menus normally contain many sub menus as well. DVD movies most commonly feature the following main options: Play Movie, Chapter/Scene Selection, Set-Up, and Special/Bonus Feature. All of these options play a large part in this new media. In my next few paragraphs I will explain them in more detail. The Play Movie option is self-explanatory. The Chapter/Scene Selection option is also self-explanatory, but allows for a lot more discussion. This option leads to the idea of time-shifting. Users are able to view any particular scene without the need to fast-forward or rewind tape. The chapters/scenes are normally divided into 10-15 minute intervals and can easily be skipped through (while viewing the movie) with the DVD players remote control. Because the user can practically view whatever he/she wants in seconds, the viewer is able to fully examine every scene in detail Although to many, this seems like a very useful, exciting idea, Wheeler Dixon doesn...

Cultural Characteristics Influencing Attitudes and Practices of Death Essay Example

Cultural Characteristics Influencing Attitudes and Practices of Death Essay Example Cultural Characteristics Influencing Attitudes and Practices of Death Paper Cultural Characteristics Influencing Attitudes and Practices of Death Paper Death is not what it used to be. For most of human history, medicine could do little to prevent or cure illness or extend life, and living to a reasonably old age seemed to come merely with luck. Dying was generally a religious event, not a medical one. Because many deaths took place at home, usually family took care of their dying relatives, and usually had a personnel and direct relationship with the dying, and death in general. These days most people live their lives without thinking of the reality that they might face this kind of reality, or in general â€Å"a wake up call†. I will explain to you a profile of dying and death in the United States, and overview of research on attitudes and practices related to the end of life. I will also explain cultural characteristics that influence attitudes and practices related to the end of life, and the technological and organizational characteristics of health care. Americans, on average live much longer than than they did by the end of the 19th century, and death in infancy is now very rare. The major causes of death now, and a 100 years ago are very different. The dying process today seems to be much more extended due to medical treatment. Death can often be postponed due to reasons like extended treatment. Because of situations like this, the task of preparing for death can often be neglected, and important relationships can be missed. At 1900, the average life expectancy was less than 50 years. In 1995, the average life expectancy reached 75. 8 years, marking an all-time high. Women expect to live to 79, and men 73. These statistics however, vary with racial differences. Black males death rate is nearly twice of white males, same as black females. Also, a century ago people had to deal with diseases such as influenza, tuberculosis, and diphtheria, which at that time were life threatening illnesses. Although these diseases in the most part can be cured, we are plagued today with life threatning diseases such as HIV which is a big threat to our society, especially the black community. Also cancer is a major illnesses that is more frequent in modern times. Since then, death has moved out of homes and into institutions. In 1949, national statistics showed that 49. 5 percent of deaths occurred in institutions such as hospitals, and nursing homes. In 1992, U. S. mortality statistics showed that 57 percent of deaths occurred in institutions. Although sites of death vary by age, this shows that there has been a rapid change in health care. What brought this change, and what alternatives are being used to treat sick and elderly patients. In the U. S. , dying at home, has been the choice of many sick, and dying patients, overviewing an institutional process of dying. Many people who are terminally ill choose to remain at home, or enter a homelike alternative care setting such as hospice. A key perspective in hospice and home care is to obtain high quality care that controls pain, and can offer the highest quality of their remaining life. This is also known as palliative care. Palliative care programs are most often offered through hospice and home care settings found in hospitals. Palliative care is a type of pain management can help in situations where pain is so terrible that suicide is almost welcomed. For elderly people, the decision to begin hospice, or home care is often decided because of basic living arrangements. Many people label this type of care as â€Å"death with dignity†. These programs on the otherhand can not be misused. Bringing hospice professionals in at a last minute situation can limit the effectiveness that perhaps a hospital facility would bring. Although these statistics are accurate, it still gives us little insight where sick patients spend their last dying months here on earth. For example, this does not capture the experience of older patients who lived in nursing homes, and are then transferred to hospitals on the day they die. According to a survey on the Last Days of Life (SLDOL), 33 percent of women aged 64 to 75, but only 17 percent of those aged 85 and over died in the hospital after being transferred there from a private residence in the community within the last three months of their lives. Attitudes toward dying in American culture is suprisingly limited. Much of the physiological construct has focused on death anxiety, which is a realistic fear of a real threat, or an overrreaction to a general prospect of death. For example, fears or concerns over death seem to branch into fears of pain, and suffering, fears of the unknown, and concerns about death of significant others. Broader public opinions rarely deal with death. One poll that was taken by the Association of retired persons(AARP) showed that the majority of retired people were not concerned with death. Another poll showed that in general Americans rarely thought of death. Experts say this is clearly portraying death anxiety, or denial. They say America is â€Å"clearly a death denying society†. On the otherhand this poll also stated that 9 out of 10 patients if were clinically ill , be in a program such as the hospice. I found 2 interesting scenarios dealing with death and bereavement and I found 2 very interesting. One I found on PBS online. It was called â€Å"Mickey: Learning from death. † Mickey had watched his father, and 2 close friends pass away in a span of 4 years. His father who had a coronary died, his friend Marsha, who fought breast cancer, which at many times she was in great denial, and also a friend named Richard whom was more willing to face the situation. But unlike Marshall, he was unwilling to express his fears of dying. Mickey said that†his experience of helping family, and friends die has forced him to think more about his own death, and the possibility. Another situation I found was on a website called dealing with death. Its a website where people can post up their experiences, and how they are coping with them. One situation was from a lady named Kay . This was posted in late August. She had lost her husband to pancreatic cancer, after a 2 and a half year battle. She said â€Å" I cared for him at home, which wasn’t always easy, because I am disabled myself†. She also stated†Hospice was wonderful in visiting us twice a week, and offering advice when I asked. † When a person is dying at home, anticipatory grief (in physiological terms the mourning of someone close to you before they have died) in a caregiver can be intense. The physical and emotional stress can only bring about much more grief. Dealing with memories become a task for newly bereaved person, but there are steps you can take to cope with it. Grief seem to heal best when you share it with others. Anticipate holidays and other anniversaries, and plan to be with friends, and family that are close to you. This advise has helped extremely in my life. I lost an aunt to cancer last year, and sharing my memories with people that loved her as much as I did has always eased my pain. Most important, be kind to yourself as you experience these mixed feelings and emotions.

Legal Aspectos of Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legal Aspectos of Nursing - Essay Example The nurses had an obligation to attend directly towards Mr Garcia. This required a definite attention after his confinement to the restraints. The measure would definitely prevent the ultimate accident that occurred to Mr Garcia. The principle of collaborative relation was involved in this case. This principle entails a set of implications and recommendations to the nurses. The principle of collaborative relation advocates for effective communication. Communication in this setting involves a complete understanding of underlying contexts of the patient’s health (American Medical Association, 2010). Therefore, the nurses ought to seek suggestive feedback from the patient. This move will enhance a proper understanding of the underlying context of the patient’s health. Physical and emotional reactions are key observable variables to determine the state of the patient’s health. Nurses should also offer an open and safe environment for the patient. Evidently, communica tion was highly deprived at Garcia’s case. This was a violation of collaborative relations principle. Authentic affiliations are also a key domain under the collaborative relation principle. Nurses ought to focus on helping the patients achieve their physical, spiritual, or even mental needs. This is an attribute that did not exist in Garcia’s case. ... Nurses have an obligation to avoid instances of retaliations from the patient at all times (American Medical Association, 2010). In Garcia’s case, the nurses violated this principle. Through their negligence to Mr Garcia, they enhanced existence of retaliation. Retaliation was evident on the instance of confrontation from Mrs Garcia. She involved the police out of her pain and retaliation towards the nursing unit. Respective relations were a principle that was involved in Garcia’s case. Evidently, it was highly violated. Mr Garcia’s case also entailed an immense involvement of the Medical necessity principle. This principle stipulates maximum provision of health from the nurse. Nurses ought to offer prevention, diagnosis and treatment to the patients. This principle presents medical care as a basic necessity towards the patients (American Medical Association, 2010). In Garcia’s case, the nurses had an obligation to study his condition and implement immedia te mechanisms for health attainment. Probably, the nurses would conduct an immediate diagnosis to him at the soft restraints. Abandoning and depriving him direct one-to-one attention was a violation of the medical necessity principle. Therefore, the principle of medical necessity was involved in Garcia’s case. Administrative simplification was an additional principle that was involved in this case. This principle equips the nursing unit with an urge to simplify sophisticated communication systems. This enhances coordination and clarity within the entire nursing unit. The principle also stipulates that the nursing unit should engross a harmonious allocation of roles (American Medical Association, 2010). Therefore, shared governance is a major objective of this principle. Every

Climate change and Emission Trading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Climate change and Emission Trading - Essay Example In October 2006, Nicholas Stern, head of the United Kingdom's government economics services presented his report on the economics of climate change to the British Government [Stern, 2007]. The stern Report estimates that "if we don't act, the overall costs and risks of climate change will be equivalent to loosing at least 5% of global gross domestic product (GDP) each year, now and forever. If a wider range of risks and impacts is taken into account, the estimates of damage could rise to 20% of GDP or more. "In contrast, the cost of action-reducing GHG emissions to avoid the worst impacts of climate change-can be limited to around 1% of global GDP each year". These conclusions are in sharp contrast to the implicit assumptions in public statements on climate change. The stern report finds that climate change is not just a nuisance, but can significantly reduce economic growth. And that mitigating climate change is not all that expensive. The stern report concludes, "The benefits of st rong, early action considerably outweigh the costs". The impacts of climate change are, not evenly distributed. The poorest countries and people will, suffer earlier and most. And if when the damages it will be too late to reverse the process. Thus we have to look ahead. This is because the countries which have less resources to counter their impact of climate change and also because developing countries are often heavily dependent on agriculture-the most climate sensitive of economic sectors. The stern report finds that while "emission have been, and continue to be driven by economic growth; yet stabilization of GHG concentration in the atmosphere is feasible and consistent with continued growth". The report recognizes that achieving large emission reductions will have a cost. The estimated annual cost of stabilization at 500-550 PPM CO2 will be around 1% of GDP by 2050- a level that is significant but manageable. Climate change mitigation normally involves reducing GHG emissions. Mitigation can also involve removing CO2 from the atmosphere, usually through a forestation and reforestation; such activities are called CO2 sinks. Improved efficiency in the use of fossil fuels and increased use of renewable energy sources are among the most promising option for reducing CO2 emissions. The lowest cost mitigation options generally involve energy efficiency improvement. Energy saving opportunities is often higher in developing countries and is especially large for buildings and in transport (Enqvist, Naucler & Rosander, 2007). Climate change first gained significance in 1988. Not long afterwards, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was adopted by various governments in May 1992, and came into force, in 1994, (UNFCCC, 1994). Today the UNFCCC is one of the widely supported international environmental agreements ratified by 188 states and the European community. The ultimate aim of the UNFCCC is to achieve stabilization of GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate

Cultural Perspectives from another Country - Pakistan Essay

Cultural Perspectives from another Country - Pakistan - Essay Example (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan) The second most populous Muslim country was formed on the 14th of August 1947. Before Pakistan gained independence, the country was under the rule of the British Empire. The British entered the Subcontinent as the British East India Company, a private trading company, when the Mughals had Jehangir as an Emperor. Slowly and gradually the huge Mughal Empire began to crumble because the emperors and nobles alike had grown so accustomed to living a life of pure pleasure with the wealth their ancestors had accumulated. Many historians blame Aurangzeb, the Emperor Shah Jehan's son for sowing the seeds of decline, as it was after he started ruling that the kingdom began to fall apart. Aurangzeb couldn't rule very well, his administration left a lot to be desired. The nobles were often power hungry and the consequence of the lack of supervision was that they became highly powerful at court and the emperors couldn't control them. The empire was huge and when rebellions broke out it took the emperor months to take decisive decision to end them. The cost of maintaining a huge army to continuously quell these rebellions and that wasn't the only cost. When an emperor died, the succession dispute resulted in a waste of huge sums of money. When riddled with such... In the beginning The East India Company only had a few bases along the coast of the Subcontinent but then they started expanding and spread out to Bombay (Mumbai), Calcutta (Kolkata) and Madras (Chennai). The EIC were good at fighting and protected India from other European countries such as France, Portugal and Denmark. After the battle of Plassey and the exploitation of Bengal the British government decided that the misgovernment of India had to be stopped. So they passed the India Act in 1784 in which the British government took direct control of Indian possessions and appointed a Governor-General. From then on the British influence could be seen everywhere. However things weren't made a 100% percent official until the 1857 War of Independence (as the Indians called it) or the 1857 Mutiny (as the British called it). The Indians, the Indian army in particular rose in revolt against the British and they were crushed. The British government took complete control of India and a member of the British cabinet, the Secretary of State for India. The Governor -General was now called Viceroy and in 1877 the British Queen Victoria became the Empress of India. Gradually the Muslims in India began to become aware of their individuality and cultural identity. They were of the opinion that they could not live together with the Hindus and under the regime of the British. They wanted an independent country of their own. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was one of the earliest pioneers of the independence movement. His "Two-Nation-Theory" was later supported by people like Allama Muhammed Iqbal and Chaudri Rehmat Ali Kahn. Both Allama Muhammed Iqbal and Chaudri Rehmat Ali Kahn had studied in Britain and when they came back they both believed that a

Americans for Safe Access vs Dea Essay Example for Free

Americans for Safe Access vs Dea Essay Abstract This paper examined The American’s for Safe Access’s petition before a federal court to have the Drug Enforcement Administration reduce its current classification of marijuana as a Schedule I drug. As this case goes before the court, there could be three possible outcomes: a judgment in favor of the plaintiff, the defendant, or a decision for the DEA to reexamine marijuana’s current classification. Of these three outcomes, I believed there would be sufficient evidence in my findings to support a decision by the justices to reexamine marijuana’s classification. One key component to this decision will be whether or not enough evidence exists to support marijuana’s medical use, as a drug that is used for medical treatment is typically not classified as Schedule I. Evidence for arguments from both sides was gathered from various sources, including medical publishings, the University of Washington’s School of Medicine archives, and online articles. After reviewing this information, the conclusion that enough evidence exists to reexamine marijuana’s current classification was reached. Introduction As more and more states petition to and effectively pass legislation to legalize medical marijuana, its current classification as a highly banned substance by the Federal Drug Administration continues to serve as a harsh stance against the desires of the public for the option of marijuana as a medical treatment. The escalation of this debate in the political and federal arena appears to be overtaking the medical industries ability to determine marijuana’s harms and benefits. Perhaps the heart of this debate lies in marijuana’s current classification by the Drug Enforcement Administration as a Schedule 1 drug. Of all of the drugs on the current DEA Schedule I, list marijuana is the only one that has doctors supporting its medical uses. In light of this, does marijuana still deserve the same classification as heroin and LSD? As more states are passing this legislation and more states desire it, is it now time to reexamine marijuana’s current classification? Section 1: Case/Issue Summary Last year, the Drug Enforcement Administration rejected a petition by medical marijuana advocates to reduce its classification as a Schedule I drug, which kept marijuana in the same category as drugs such as heroin. The DEA concluded that there wasnt a consensus opinion among experts on using marijuana for medical purposes (Press, 2012). However, medical marijuana advocates have not given up in their pursuit to reduce the Justice Department and Drug Enforcement Administration’s classification of marijuana. In my chosen case, the plaintiff is Americans for Safe Access and the defendant is the Justice Department. Once again, the key issue at hand is the Drug Enforcement Administrations continued classification of marijuana as a Schedule I drug. In order to be classified as a Schedule I drug, the drug must be officially determined to have no medical use and a high potential for abuse (McClathy, 2012). Justice Department attorneys site an absence of available evidence of acceptable and controlled studies, and a lack of agreement among experts as to marijuanas effectiveness as a medicine, as their basis for its current Schedule I classification. Those standing against the Justice Department claim that regulators are disregarding hundreds of peer-reviewed studies on the effectiveness of medical marijuana and the subsequent medical marijuana laws passed by 16 other states. The concerns for both the plaintiff and the defendant lie in the same key issue – is there enough acceptable medical evidence that marijuana does in fact have medicinal benefits? Studies and opinions as to which side has the most support to back its claim are widely varied, but both sides claim they have sufficient evidence to support their assertions. Take, for example, to very different statements, one from the medical book â€Å"Marijuana as Medicine?: The Science Beyond the Controversy† (Mack Joy, 2001), and the other from the medical book â€Å"Marijuana and Medicine, Assessing the Science Base† (Joy Stanley, 1999): â€Å"The cannabis plant (marijuana) . . . [has] therapeutic benefits and could ease the suffering of millions of persons with various illnesses such as AIDS, cancer, glaucoma, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injuries, seizure disorders, chronic pain, and other maladies.† – from the editor’s introduction to Cannabis in Medi cal Practice, by Mary Lynn Mathre, R.N. (Mack Joy, 2001). â€Å"Consequently, the rapid growth in basic research on cannabinoids contrasts with the paucity of substantial clinical studies on medical uses.† (Joy Stanley, 1999). These two statements help highlight just how much inconsistency on exists on this issue, inconsistency that could be a concern for both the plaintiff and the defendant. Section 2: Identification and Evaluation of all Main Possible Solutions Though the challenge filed by the plaintiff is directly asking for one solution, there are several solutions that could be reached. The first solution would be that the judges would dismiss the challenge without review. The result of this would be that the appeals court considers marijuana’s current classification to be proper and this would represent solid validation of the DEA’s authority to determine a drug’s status and classification. There would be evidence to back this decision. According to the doctors that authored â€Å"Marijuana and Medicine†, more extensive data exists on the harmful effects of marijuana than data on its medical benefits (Joy Stanley, 1999). It is the opinion of these doctors that clinical studies on marijuana’s positive and negative effects are difficult to conduct, due to both difficulty in procuring funding and the encumbrances of the many federal regulations involved with such testing (Joy Stanley, 1999). The court could also reach this decision due to the bioethical principle of Nonmaleficence. Under the standards of care, this is the principle that a healthcare provider should not bring harm to a patient (McCormick, 1998). Should the court determine that not enough evidence exists to support marijuana’s medical benefits, it would have to conclude that prescribing marijuana to a patient could lead to their harm. This decision by the court would serve as a strong deterrent to future challenges of the DEA’s classifications of drugs. The consequences would be a major setback for advocates of widespread legalization of prescription marijuana. Dismissing the challenge would, for the time being, lay to rest all claims made by American’s for Safe Access. Another solution would be for the district court to decide a reduction in marijuana’s drug classification to be justified. For the plaintiffs, reducing marijuana’s classification from a Schedule I drug to a lesser controlled substance would be a major step in their ultimate quest to see marijuana legalized for medical use in the remaining 34 states that don’t already allow for such use (Press, 2012). Should its classification be reduced to a Schedule II drug, it would then be legal for marijuana to be prescribed to patients in need. Along with the physical medical benefits, reducing marijuana’s classificati on would also lessen the penalties faced by those found in possession of it. Currently, possession of a Schedule I drug can carry a maximum sentence of up to 7 years in prison. Ruling in favor of the plaintiff could indicate that the judges felt the principle of beneficence – that a healthcare professional must act to provide medical benefit to a patient – is involved (McCormick, 1998). In this case, the benefit to the patient would be relief from pain and protection from harm. A recent petition by Governor and former senator Lincoln Chafee of Rhode Island, and Governor Christine Gregoire of Washington filed made the assertion that â€Å"patients with serious medical conditions who could benefit from medical use of cannabis do not have a safe and consistent source of the drug as a result of its current classification† (Madison, 2011). This ruling could also be a result of the justices deciding that enough trusted medical evidence does in fact exists to support the use of marijuana for medical purposes. According to the book â€Å"Marijuana Medical Handbook: Practical Guide to Therapeutic Uses of Marijuana†, some medical marijuana specialists have reported a significantly large amount of uses for medical marijuana, ranging from treatment for nausea and convulsions to an appetite stimulant for cancer patients (Gieringer, Rosenthal Carter, 2010) For the Justice Department and Drug Enforcement Administration, seeing marijuana’s classification reduced would be a major setback in its efforts to eradicate a drug that Justice Department lawyer Lena Watkins says is â€Å"the most widely abused drug in the United States, (Press, 2012). A decision against them by the federal court would essentially erase all of their efforts, along with damaging their ability to make similar determinations in the future. A third solution could be that the court could order the Drug Enforcement Administration to take a more in-depth look at the available evidence (McClathy, 2012). This would be a blow to the DEA, who claims they have spent a substantial amount of time and energy in executing due diligence to determine marijuana’s Schedule I classification. It would counter their stance that not enough acceptable evidence and proper studies can be found to support marijuana’s medical benefits. In turn, a decision by the court for the DEA to reexamine its evidence could ultimately lead to another challenge for its legalization. Consequently, this same decision would be very positive for American’s for Safe Access. They claim that the DEA has failed to consider notable support for medical marijuana from many respected institutions, all of whom support the reclassification of marijuana (McClathy, 2012). A request by the Court of Appeals for the DEA to reexamine its findings could be due to the principle of respect for autonomy. This principle protects the patient’s right to make their own informed decisions with regards to treatment (McCormick, 1998). Not having access to the best evidence as to marijuana’s medical benefits could act against this principle. The principle of justice could also play a part in this ruling. A patient in Missouri suffering the same amount of pain as a patient in California, but not having the opportunity to benefit from the same medicinal advancements as a patient in California, might be a constitute a breach of the principle of judgment in the eyes of the court. Section 3: Decision Statement and Defense Against Weaknesses After examining the facts of the case and all possible solutions, the solution to allow for the reduction of marijuana’s classification to a Schedule II drug seems the most prudent. This conclusion was reached for several reasons. Despite the DEA’s claims, there appears to be enough acceptable evidence on the ASA’s side to support its assertion that marijuana has applicable medical benefits. Cocaine is certainly proven to be a harmful substance when taken irresponsibly, yet its remote medical benefits have landed it on the Drug Enforcement Administration’s Schedule II. For marijuana to remain on the Schedule I list while cocaine is on Schedule II hardly seems just considering there is even one state that has passed legal medical marijuana legislation. That there is even a small amount of substantial evidence from credible institutions supporting marijuana’s medical benefits makes the penalties involved with its possession seem severe. The recent petition sighted earlier by the two governors offers that they have support from many respected institutions, including The American Medical Association, The American College of Physicians, the Rhode Island Medical Society, the Washington State Medical Association the Washington State Pharmacy (Madison, 2011). All of these institutions are respected, making a decision to dismiss the challenge without even a reexamination seem imprudent. One also can’t help but wonder if the DEA’s current stance comes from a fear of its potential legalization for recreational use. This solution would also address another important issue in terms of marijuana use, and that would be to provide â€Å"safe, reliable, regulated use of marijuana for patients who are suffering,, as the governors have suggested (Press, 2012). In conclusion, certainly it seems that the current Schedule 1 classification of marijuana obstructs the medical principles of autonomy, beneficence, and justice . References Gieringer, D., Rosenthal, E., Carter, G. T. (2010). Marijuana medical handbook, practical guide to therapeutic uses of marijuana. Oakland: Quick American Archives. Joy, J. E., Stanley, J. W. (1999). Marijuana and medicine, assessing the science base. National Academies Press. (Joy Stanley, 1999) Mack, A., Joy, J. E. (2001). Marijuana as medicine?, the science beyond the controversy. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. (Mack Joy, 2001) Madison, L. (2011, November 30). Govs. chafee, gregoire lobby for reclassification of marijuana. Retrieved from http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-57334326-503544/govs-chafee-gregoire-lobby-for-reclassification-of-marijuana/?tag=contentMain;contentBody McClathy, N. (2012, October 12). Medical marijuana case going before court. Maine Sunday Telegram. Retrieved from http://www.pressherald.com/news/medical-marijuana-case-going-before-court_2012-10-13.html McCormick, T. R. (1998). Principles of bioethics. Ethics in edicine: University of Wa shinton School of Medicine, Retrieved from http://depts.washington.edu/bioethx/tools/princpl.html Press, A. (2012, October 16). Federal court considers marijuana classification. Retrieved from http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57533647/federal-court-considers-marijuana-classification/